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–¾Ž¡Žž‘ã-Œ»‘ã –¾Ž¡Žž‘ã Meiji Period (1868-1912) 1868 �E–¾Ž¡ˆÛ�V The Meiji Restoration. The new era name, Meiji, was adopted. From this time on, each era name (Œ³�†) would correspond to the reign of an emperor. Emperor Mutsuhito (–r�m) is now referred to as the Emperor Meiji. Edo was renamed Tokyo (“Œ‹ž). 1869 �E“Œ‹ž‘J“s Tokyo became the capital of Japan, and Edo Castle became the Imperial Palace (�c‹�). �E”Å�ЕòŠÒ The feudal lords of the domains (han ”Ë) returned their registers of land and people to the emperor. 1871 �E”p”Ë’uŒ§ The han system was abolished and prefectures were established. 1877 �E�¼“ì�푈 The Satsuma Rebellion. Discontented elements in Satsuma revolted under Saig Takamori (�¼‹½—²�·). 1881 �E�‘‰ïŠJ�Ý‚Ì�Ù An imperial edict was issued on establishing a parliament. 1885 �EˆÉ“¡”Ž•¶‚ª�‰‘ãŽñ‘Š‚É The cabinet system was adopted, and It Hirobumi became the first prime minister. 1889 �E‘å“ú–{’é�‘Œ›–@Œö•z The promulgation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan. 1890 �E‘æˆê‰ñ’é�‘‹c‰ï The first Imperial Diet was held. 1894-95 �E“ú�´�푈 The Sino-Japanese War. Japan clashed with China over the control of Korea. Japan gained territory in the Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki (‰ºŠÖ�ð–ñ), but the Liaotung Peninsula (—É“Œ”¼“‡) was later returned to China at the intervention of the Western powers. 1902 �E“ú‰p“¯–¿ The Anglo-Japanese Alliance. 1904-5 �E“ú˜I�푈 The Russo-Japanese War. Japan clashed with Russia over influence in East Asia. The Russian-held Port Arthur (Lshun —·�‡) fell and Russia's Baltic Fleet (ƒoƒ‹ƒ`ƒbƒNŠÍ‘à) was annihilated at the Battle of Tsushima (“ú–{ŠCŠC�í). Through the intercession of US President Theodore Roosevelt (ƒ‹�[ƒYƒ”ƒFƒ‹ƒg), the Peace Treaty of Portsmouth (ƒ|�[ƒcƒ}ƒX�ð–ñ) was concluded. 1910 �EŠØ�‘•¹�‡ Japan annexed Korea. ‘å�³Žž‘ã Taish Period (1912-1926) 1912 �E‘å�³“V�c‚ª‘¦ˆÊ Accession of the Emperor Taish (Yoshihito ‰Ã�m). 1914-18 �E‘æˆêŽŸ�¢ŠE‘å�í The First World War. Japan attacked German territories in China and the Pacific and increased its influence in East Asia. 1918 �EƒVƒxƒŠƒA�o•º Japan sent an expeditionary force to Siberia in a joint intervention to check the Russian Revolution (ƒ�ƒVƒAŠv–½). Japan was criticized when its large army remained after the other powers had pulled out. Japan withdrew only in 1922. 1922 �E“ú–{‹¤ŽY“}Œ‹“} The Japan Communist Party was founded. 1923 �EŠÖ“Œ‘å�k�Ð The Great Kant Earthquake. �º˜aŽž‘ã Shwa Period (1926-1989) 1926 �E�º˜a“V�c‚ª‘¦ˆÊ Accession of the Emperor Shwa (Hirohito —T�m). 1931 �E–ž�BŽ–•Ï The Manchurian Incident. The Japanese Army invaded Manchuria, blaming China for the Mukden Incident (–ö�ð�aŽ–Œ�) on September 18 at Liutiaogou, where Japanese forces had blown up part of the South Manchuria Railway (“ì–ž�B“S“¹). 1932 �E–ž�B�‘Œš�‘ Japan set up the puppet state of Manchukuo. �EŒÜ¥ˆêŒÜŽ–Œ� The May 15 Incident. Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi (Œ¢—{‹B) was assassinated, marking the end of party government as the influence of the military grew. 1936 �E“ñ¥“ñ˜ZŽ–Œ� The February 26 Incident. Young military officers assassinated government ministers and attempted a coup d'tat with a force of 1,400. 1937 �E“ú’†�푈–u”­ The Sino-Japanese War. With the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (á¸�a‹´Ž–Œ�) at Lugouqiao, Japan began its invasion of China, which was to become one theater of the Second World War (‘æ“ñŽŸ�¢ŠE‘å�í) (1939-45). 1940 �E“ú“ƈɎO�‘“¯–¿ The Tripartite Pact among Japan, Germany, and Italy. 1941 �E‘¾•½—m�푈–u”­ The Pacific War started with Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 8 (December 7 local time). 1942 �Eƒ~ƒbƒhƒEƒF�[ŠC�í Japan suffered a crushing defeat in the naval Battle of Midway. 1945 �E�L“‡¥’·�è‚Ö‚ÌŒ´”š“Š‰º The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9). �E“ú–{, ƒ|ƒcƒ_ƒ€�錾‚ðŽó‘ø‚µ–³�ðŒ��~•š Japan surrendered. The emperor announced the end of the war on the radio on August 15, following the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration the previous day. Japan's formal surrender was signed on September 2. The US military under Douglas MacArthur (ƒ}ƒbƒJ�[ƒT�[) occupied Japan. 1946 �E“V�c‚Ì�lŠÔ�錾 The emperor publicly denied his own divinity. �E“ú–{�‘Œ›–@‚ÌŒö•z The promulgation of the new Constitution of Japan, which renounced war forever. 1947-48 �E•ÐŽR“àŠt The Katayama Administration. Katayama Tetsu became Japan's first socialist prime minister. 1948-54 �E‹g“c“àŠt The Yoshida Administration. 1950-53 �E’©‘N�푈 The Korean War. The Japanese economy boomed due to US military procurement. 1950 �EŒxŽ@—\”õ‘à”­‘« The Police Reserve Force was set up at MacArthur's direction. Japan in effect began rearming to assist the US. 1951 �EƒTƒ“ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒVƒXƒR�u˜a�ð–ñ The San Francisco Peace Treaty. Japan made peace with its opponents in World War II. (The Soviet Union, China, etc. were not included.) �E“ú•ÄˆÀ‘S•Û�á�ð–ñ The US-Japan Security Treaty. 1952 �E•ÛˆÀ‘à”­‘« The National Security Force was formed through the reinforcement of the Police Reserve Force. �E“ú–{‚Ì“Æ—§ The San Francisco treaty took effect and Japan regained sovereignty, but the US military was not withdrawn and Okinawa (‰«“ê) remained occupied. 1954 �EŽ©‰q‘à”­‘« The Self-Defense Forces were established in place of the National Security Force. �E‘æŒÜ•Ÿ—³ŠÛŽ–Œ� The Lucky Dragon Incident. The crew of the Japanese fishing vessel the Fifth Fukury Maru (“Lucky Dragon”) were exposed to fallout from an American hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll (ƒrƒLƒjŠÂ�Ê). 1954-56 �E”µŽR“àŠt The Hatoyama Administration. 1955 �EŽ©—R–¯Žå“}�¬—§, “ú–{ŽÐ‰ï“}�Ä“�ˆê The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was formed by the merger of two major conservative parties, and the Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDP) was reunified. The LDP would hold power until 1993 with the SDP as the major opposition. 1956 �E“úƒ\‹¤“¯�錾 The Japan-Soviet Joint Declaration, marking the end of hostilities after World War II. A peace treaty was not concluded as the Soviet Union refused to return the Northern Territories (–k•û—Ì“y) to Japan. 1960 �EˆÀ•Û“¬‘ˆ The US-Japan Security Treaty was amended with more commitment on the side of Japan despite widespread protest. When the LDP pushed ratification through the Diet, opposition grew vehement and Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke (ŠÝ�M‰î) was forced to resign. 1960-64 �E’r“c“àŠt The Ikeda Administration. 1960 ”N‘ã �E�‚“xŒo�Ï�¬’· The Japanese economy grew rapidly. 1964 �E“ŒŠC“¹�VŠ²�ü‰c‹ÆŠJŽn The Shinkansen (bullet train) started operating between Tokyo and Osaka. �E“Œ‹žƒIƒŠƒ“ƒsƒbƒN The Olympic Games were held in Tokyo. 1964-72 �E�²“¡“àŠt The Sat Administration. 1965 �E“úŠØŠî–{�ð–ñ The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. 1968 �E”ñŠjŽOŒ´‘¥ The three nonnuclear principles (not to make, possess, or allow the entry of nuclear weapons) were announced in the Diet by Prime Minister Sat Eisaku (�²“¡‰h�ì). �E‘åŠw•´‘ˆ�L‚ª‚é Campus disputes spread nationwide, reaching a climax in January 1969 with the storming by police of the student-occupied Yasuda Auditorium (ˆÀ“c�u“°) at the University of Tokyo (“Œ‹ž‘åŠw). 1972 �E‰«“ê•ÔŠÒ Okinawa was returned to Japan, though a large part of the land continued to be used by the US military. 1972-74 �E“c’†“àŠt The Tanaka Administration. 1973 �E�ΖûƒVƒ‡ƒbƒN Oil Crisis. The price of crude oil soared due to the Yom Kippur War (‘æŽlŽŸ’†“Œ�푈), precipitating a worldwide energy crisis. 1978 �E“ú’†•½˜a—F�D�ð–ñ The Japan-China Peace and Friendship Treaty. 1983-87 �E’†‘]�ª“àŠt The Nakasone Administration. The telephone and railway public corporations were privatized. 1980 ”N‘ã �E“ú•Ä–fˆÕ–€ŽC Trade disputes between Japan and the US. The US experienced budget and trade deficits while Japanese industry prospered. •½�¬Žž‘ã Heisei Period (1989-�@�@) 1989 �E�VŒ³�†•½�¬ Accession of the present emperor (Akihito –¾�m). The era name is Heisei. 1991 �Eƒoƒuƒ‹Œi‹C‚Ì•ö‰ó The bursting of the bubble economy. Funded by loans secured with real estate, the boom failed once the soaring land prices began to plummet. 1991- �E•½�¬•s‹µ The long recession of the Heisei Era. 1993 �E55 ”N‘Ì�§‚Ì•ö‰ó The split of the LDP precipitated a reorganization of political parties, including the foundation of the Democratic Party of Japan (–¯Žå“}) in 1996. 1993-94 �E�×�ì“àŠt The Hosokawa Administration. The first non-LDP government since 1955 would be succeeded by another brief non-LDP cabinet. 1994-96 �E‘ºŽR“àŠt The Murayama Administration. A coalition between the LDP and SDP. 1995 �E�ã�_‘å�k�Ð The Great Hanshin [Kobe] Earthquake. 2002 �E“ú’©�‘Œð�³�퉻Œð�ŠJŽn Japan and North Korea began talks to normalize diplomatic relations.
Œ¤‹†ŽÐOnline Dictionary © Kenkyusha Co., Ltd. 2004.